Dialysis: Why is the recycling of power batteries a false proposition?

At the beginning of the new year, the smog smashed over the entire land of North China, like a difficult ghost, and refused to disperse for a long time. The reporter sat on the high-speed train on the south, and could not see a blue sky for more than 1,000 kilometers.

However, fortunately, the reporter is heading for hope, the coordinates of Changsha, the destination is located in the local Hunan Bangpu Scrap Automobile Recycling Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Bangpu").

At the beginning of January, the General Office of the State Council issued the "Promoting Program for the Extension of Producer Responsibility System", and proposed the establishment of a recycling system for electric vehicle power batteries in the field of new energy vehicles to ensure the recycling and safe disposal of used batteries.

This is the dawn of companies involved in the recycling and recycling of power batteries, including Bangpu. As a national high-tech enterprise with large domestic waste lithium battery resource recycling and high-end battery material production, the company's power battery recycling is currently designed to handle 30,000 tons/year. However, even the leader of this industry, Bangpu is still unable to escape the dilemma of losing money in the field of electric vehicle power battery recycling.

According to the reporter's investigation, the case of Bangpu is actually a microcosm of the development of the power battery recycling industry. Although it is full of hope, it is still very weak, just like a sprout that is about to break out of the ground, can not be separated from careful care and cultivation. Even some people in the industry bluntly said that at this stage, the recycling of power batteries is probably a "pseudo-proposition." What is this all about? And listen to the reporter slowly.

Is feeling more business

"You can pay attention to this issue very well." "It is very meaningful to report this matter." In an interview with reporters, many industry experts expressed their affirmation and recognition of the direction of recycling and recycling of power batteries. In a big sense, this is due to the aura of the business itself, or the use of a fashionable word to describe it as "high on."

The first is the meaning of environmental protection. The data show that the improper and effective disposal of discarded power batteries will threaten the environment and human health and affect the sustainable development of society. At present, the power battery is mainly lithium ion and lead acid battery. The cadmium and lead in the lead-acid battery are heavy metals. Some recycling stations disassemble the battery, dump the acid that is polluted by the environment, dismantle the lead and recycle the lead, and sell it to some small smelters or small workshops at high prices. No professional treatment. Such a popular science can be seen almost everywhere in environmental protection propaganda: "A small button battery can pollute 600 cubic meters of water, which is equivalent to the amount of water a person has in a lifetime." If it is a power battery weighing 200 kilograms? Improper disposal, the consequences can be imagined.

Lithium batteries are called "green batteries" because they do not contain heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium, and lead, but this does not mean that it is an absolutely non-polluting product. The positive electrode material of the power lithium battery has the possibility of causing heavy metal pollution. The electrolyte also has strong corrosiveness and toxicity, and is easy to produce toxic chemical gas, which is harmful to human health. Yang Yusheng, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, once said: "All batteries are chemicals. In the disposal of waste batteries, if the system is not strict, mismanagement, and backward technology, it may pollute the environment."

The economic value of recycling and reuse of power batteries should not be underestimated. At the 3rd Council of the Resource Compulsory Recycling Industry Technology Innovation Strategic Alliance and the 4th Power Battery Recycling Seminar held on November 8 last year, Xu Shengming, Vice President of Jiangxi University of Technology and Professor of Tsinghua University, said that the power battery recycling market The space is huge, and the value is reflected in the high content of rare metals such as cobalt and nickel.

Taking cobalt as an example, according to the statistics held by the reporter, cobalt is one of the nine mineral resources that are seriously shortageed in China. The domestic cobalt mine contains only 0.02% of cobalt, and the currently exploitable amount is only 40,000 tons; 60% ~70% is used for battery production, and resources are heavily dependent on imports, even exceeding 95%. The efficient recovery of cobalt from used batteries is clearly an important way.

Yu Haijun, general manager of Bangpu Company, told reporters that the resource efficiency of waste power battery recycling far exceeds the direct exploitation of similar resources in nature. "Bonp's products are currently in short supply and are not sold out," he said. It is reported that Bangpu expanded the area of ​​the entire plant in 2016 to further increase the capacity of the power battery disassembly line.

This is not the only place to use the decommissioned power battery. Experts said that decentralized new energy sources such as wind power with different power quality, different frequencies, and photovoltaic power generation, including the peaking and frequency modulation of the power grid, and peak-filling and valley filling, all require a “reservoir”, that is, an energy storage system. Energy storage systems are not subject to large-scale use due to high technical costs. If the decommissioned electric vehicle battery ladder is used as an energy storage system, it can not only meet the demand, but also cost only one third of the same type of new battery. "The battery that has been removed from the toy, put it in the remote control and then use it" is a common understanding of the use of the power battery for the performance of the ladder.

Li Lili, director of the Smart Grid Research Office of the State Grid Energy Research Institute of Power Grid Development, pointed out that in addition to environmental protection and resource conservation considerations, the automotive industry itself has also formed a driving force.

Subsidy retreat is the trend of the times. Enterprises must solve two pain points in the future. One is to increase the residual value of electric used cars, and the other is how to reduce the cost of users. Therefore, the recycling and reuse of power batteries must be put on their agenda. - Li Lili

Bad business and good business in the budding

In fact, because of its own commercial value, it has great development prospects for the recycling and reuse of power batteries with energy saving and environmental protection significance. A senior engineer from the Technology Development Department of a new energy vehicle manufacturer told the China Auto News: "The core of this matter is that it must be able to guarantee profits. It is difficult to continue without making money. Recycling and recycling must be 'returned to profit (run) '."

This view has been recognized by all the industry participants. The recycling of power batteries is the feeling of every socially savvy person. To truly "fall", you should first make it a business.

However, a part of the "business" with a good "money" situation is simply not a normal business practice, and even suspected of breaking the law. According to the reporter's understanding, domestic regulations have strict regulations on battery recycling enterprises, and they need to apply for a permit to be able to recycle and dispose of used batteries. Due to technical and financial constraints, there are not many truly qualified companies. On the contrary, many individuals and non-qualified companies are not only technically backward, but also dispose of used batteries regardless of environmental pollution. They recycle batteries at a higher price, not only disrupting markets that are not large enough, but also burying great environmental and security risks.

For example, the reporter learned that some traders who use the banner of the ladder often purchase power batteries from the OEMs at high prices. After recycling, they are directly disassembled and then sold for the old scooter, fishing machines and even mobile phone charging treasures.

Zhao Jianhe, a senior engineer at Beijing Jingyi Jingye Electric Technology Co., Ltd., revealed that there was a phenomenon in the “cheat” period of new energy vehicles, that is, reorganizing the recovered power battery and loading it into the new car, which is to some extent The decommissioned battery was improperly "split".

Li Yuke, deputy director of the Automotive Industry Policy Research Office of China Automotive Technology and Research Center, also told reporters:

“ Whether a car company can recover the battery through its after-sales channel is a major problem facing the industry, because the property belongs to the user after the battery is sold. In a sense, it is recovered from the user and is more than the follow-up process. It is difficult. If the flow of the battery is informally processed or improperly handled, the risk is uncontrollable, so the recycling link should be placed first in the system construction management. "

If we classify the above-mentioned violations as "bad business," how is the "good business" in the field of power battery recycling?

According to the data, in 2015, the domestic scrapped power battery totaled 20,000 to 40,000 tons, and the corresponding battery recovery rate was only 2%. According to the prediction of China Automotive Technology and Research Center, by 2020, China's accumulated scrap battery will reach 120,000 to 170,000 tons. Its recycling and reuse will obviously be an attractive "cake."

“Foresighted companies will definitely pay attention to this field, and the market will be very large in the future.” Zhang Jianhui, chairman and general manager of Haibo Si Chuang Technology Co., Ltd., said in an interview. The company focuses on electric vehicle battery management (BMS) and smart grid energy storage system research and development, engineering design and system integration. From 2011 to 2012, it participated in the Beijing Olympic Games service vehicle decommissioning power battery ladder utilization demonstration project, and is also starting the future for the future. Battery recycling and reuse for basic work.

The outlook is good, but the reality is embarrassing. Li Yuke told reporters: "According to preliminary estimates, according to the calculation of the new energy vehicles that have been put on the cards, the existing decommissioned power battery in China should be in the 10,000-ton class. If you add the vehicles without the cards and the batteries used for the experimental testing, all add up. It is only about tens of thousands of tons."

Wu Hui, research director of CCID Consulting Co., Ltd., said that the biggest problem in this industry is that there is no battery that can be recycled, and it is impossible to form a scaled benefit. The profit is naturally impossible to talk about. “In 2014, the sales volume of electric vehicles was only tens of thousands. In 2015, sales began to increase, and it is only after 3-4 years that the peak of power battery decommissioning can be reached,” he said.

In the case of Bump, 1600 tons of power batteries were recovered in 2016, accounting for only 1/10 of the national scrap. The scale of recycling has not yet been formed, and it will inevitably lead to economic benefits. As one of the earliest companies engaged in power battery recycling in China, the company faces this problem. Yu Haijun said: "It is not the formulation of policies and regulations, the industry will operate accordingly. The main problem at present is that the market is not big enough." The reporter learned from an industry person who asked not to be named that a large number of used power batteries are hoarding. In the hands of the battery factory. “There are few companies with technology and qualifications, and automakers can’t find companies to receive used batteries,” the source said.

In this context, high costs have also become an unavoidable challenge. The senior engineer of the above-mentioned new energy automobile company told the reporter that the cost of scrapping battery detection, dismantling, regrouping and maintenance is even higher than purchasing new batteries. The metal materials in the battery are also the same. The price of pure raw materials is even higher.

According to the information provided by China Electric Vehicles 100, a company that uses mechanical and wet recycling of lithium iron phosphate batteries, the cost of recycling 1 ton of waste lithium iron phosphate battery is 8540 yuan, while the revenue of recycled materials is only 8110 yuan. , a loss of 430 yuan. Due to the complicated technical route of lithium ion battery recycling, the recovery process cost is high, and the recovery value of the positive electrode such as lithium manganate or lithium iron phosphate is low, except for the high recovery value of the ternary system. Bump is facing this test. Yu Haijun said: "The cost of mechanical dismantling of decommissioned batteries is high; chemical decomposition is difficult and research and development costs are high."

Where does the high-rise building come from?

Regarding the status quo of the industry development, the industry participants said that the majority of enterprises (especially the automotive industry) have just begun to lay out. “For some time, the attention of car companies has remained on the sales of electric vehicles . The focus is on ensuring product reliability, and insufficient consideration for back-end utilization and optimization. However, in the past two years, they have begun to plan in this regard. Li Lili said. Wang Guangyu, general manager of Jianghuai Automobile Passenger Vehicle Marketing Co., Ltd., said: "The mileage of the first generation of Jianghuai electric vehicles has reached 100,000 kilometers. With the end of the product life cycle, it is necessary to solve the problem of battery recycling. We think and practice together."

Power battery recycling and recycling are waiting for the industry. Intricate, how do you start? "Do not establish a power battery value evaluation system, recycling and reuse is a 'pseudo-proposition'." Zhang Jianhui said, "The system is closely related to the cycle life of the power battery, that is, how many times it can be charged and discharged. At present, we have no other convenient The method tests this. If there is no historical record, the data is difficult to estimate.” In his opinion, if you don’t know how many times the retired battery can be recycled, it is completely silly and bold, and the model itself has no value for promotion.

It is said that the recycling and reuse of power batteries is an economic account. It is better to use the products one hundred and eighty times instead of scrapping them directly. If it is thousands of times, it still has value. So, how does the decommissioned battery determine the recycling price? How to judge and reuse the "money" scene? After stripping and twitching, the reporter found that the establishment of the value assessment system is probably the foundation of the power battery recycling and reuse.

This issue has become the consensus of people of insight. In November last year, at the seminar on the comprehensive utilization of power battery materials and materials for China Electric Vehicles, the chief expert of the China Automotive Technology and Research Center, Wang Fang, director of the new energy room pointed out that at present, the difficulties or disadvantages of the use of cascades The factor is the lack of historical data. "We hope that the evaluation and monitoring process will be put into the battery throughout the life cycle, rather than being tested and screened after being phased out. The monitoring and evaluation system is to give the battery an 'ID card', so that it has a 'health doctor', Conveniently match the field of secondary use," she said at the meeting.

According to the requirements of government departments, new energy vehicle companies have established monitoring platforms to detect and manage the operating status of key systems such as power batteries. However, its focus is still on the safety of driving and prevention of "cheat compensation"; the frequency of data collection is too low, the density is too small to analyze the battery attenuation, the data extracted is limited, and the decommissioning battery cannot be effectively evaluated.

"The establishment of an evaluation system is only one step on the basis of the monitoring platform, but the commercial value is very large. We must not hold the 'Golden Rice Bowl' to eat." Zhang Jianhui said.

The upstream and downstream synergy is expected to come to fruition

In fact, in order to standardize and guide the large-scale and orderly development of power batteries, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology formulated and promulgated the "Specifications and Dimensions of Power Battery Products for Electric Vehicles" (Draft for Comment) and "Power Battery Code for Automobiles" (Consultation Draft) ). The two documents are intended to facilitate the implementation of battery standardization and power battery coding systems and traceability systems to improve the ease of evaluation and dismantling of decommissioned batteries.

In November last year, led by China Automotive Technology and Research Center, dozens of enterprises in the upstream and downstream of the power battery industry chain jointly launched the “Strategy Alliance for Recycling of Electric Vehicle Power Battery”. According to the relevant person in charge, the alliance will focus on recycling standards this year and promote the establishment of battery traceability information systems and battery life cycle monitoring. Start or complete the formulation of the Interim Measures for the Administration of Recycling and Utilization of New Energy Vehicles' Power Battery.

Of course, it is not that the establishment of a value assessment system is all right, there are still many jobs that the industry needs to do. Although the amount of scrapping has not reached the critical point of blowout, the formulation of policy standards should be prepared for large-scale scrapping and should not lag behind the development of the industry. Before 2016, at the legal, policy and standard level, there are no specific documents on the recycling of power batteries in China, most of which are scattered in solid waste prevention, resource recovery, recycling economy, hazardous waste management, new energy vehicles and other policies. In the standards and planning, such documents are only the principle provisions for the recycling of power batteries. The relevant provisions are more general and lack specific operational measures.

The standardization of power battery modules is a matter for car companies to carry out.

“ Automotive manufacturers should consider the standardization of battery modules to achieve interchangeability between different platforms, so that the disassembly mold can be reused. For example, the Tesla Model 3 and the universal bolt use a power battery expandable modular design. It is easy to standardize the use of decommissioned batteries for the use of ladders. "

Bangpu also called for domestic vehicle companies to develop and release power battery disassembly manuals as soon as possible. Some multinational auto companies are more advanced in this respect, adopting the concept of green design, and considering the convenience of recycling and reuse at the beginning of product design.

There are only five mainstream power battery companies in the world, and the work of standardization of power batteries is relatively easy. There are as many as 40 or 50 power battery manufacturers in China, and the size, interface and size of batteries have not yet been standardized. From the perspective of convenience of recycling and development of recycling equipment, the higher the concentration of the entire industry, the easier it is to promote the standardization of power batteries. Yu Hai said: "This should be the choice of the market, not the result of coercion. The development of the industry requires time to accumulate."

Cobalt Alloy Powder

Cobalt-based alloy powders are commonly used in laser cladding processes due to their excellent wear resistance, high temperature strength, and corrosion resistance. These alloys typically contain varying amounts of cobalt, chromium, tungsten, and nickel, among other elements, to achieve specific properties.

The laser cladding process involves melting the cobalt-based alloy powder using a high-energy laser beam and depositing it onto a substrate to form a protective coating. This coating helps to enhance the surface properties of the substrate, such as hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance.

Some common cobalt-based alloy powders used in laser cladding include:

1. Stellite: This is a well-known cobalt-chromium-tungsten alloy that offers excellent wear and corrosion resistance. It is often used in applications where high temperatures and abrasive environments are present, such as in oil and gas drilling tools, valves, and pump components.

2. Tribaloy: Tribaloy alloys are cobalt-based alloys that contain varying amounts of chromium, molybdenum, and silicon. They are known for their exceptional high-temperature strength and resistance to galling, making them suitable for applications in the aerospace, petrochemical, and power generation industries.

3. Haynes alloys: Haynes alloys are nickel-cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloys that offer excellent high-temperature strength, oxidation resistance, and corrosion resistance. They are commonly used in applications where extreme heat and corrosive environments are present, such as in gas turbines and chemical processing equipment.

These cobalt-based alloy powders are available in various particle sizes and can be tailored to meet specific application requirements. They can be used with different laser cladding techniques, such as powder-fed laser cladding or blown powder laser cladding, depending on the desired coating thickness and properties.

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