LEDs enter the field of lighting, and a variety of LED products appear in the field of lighting, such as LED replacement incandescent lamps, MR16, PAR lamps, fluorescent light sources and a range of lamps, such as decorative lamps, road lamps, floodlights, embedded Lamps, table lamps, etc. At the same time as the appearance and application of LED products, users have also put forward requirements for the quality of LED lighting products. It is often asked: Does the LED lamp have an assessment standard?
As a new lighting product, how to use LED light source to meet the application requirements, and scientific evaluation of its safety, laser safety, performance and energy efficiency is currently facing LED lighting products. A big topic.
To solve this problem, we should begin to understand the basic principles of the luminaire standard from the understanding of the existing luminaire standard system. When we look at the characteristics of the LED luminaire from a scientific perspective, we will understand that the existing luminaire standard has covered the LED luminaire. Due to some characteristics of LED lamps, additional requirements for LED lamps are required, and special requirements for LED lamps are required.
China Lighting Network Technical Paper. Lamps 1. China's lamp standard system has been basically established and gradually improved. When the LED light source has not entered the field of lighting, China's lamp standard system has been basically established. The content relates to the electrical safety of the luminaire, the luminosity measurement of the luminaire, the performance requirements of individual common luminaires and the electromagnetic compatibility requirements [1], as well as the technical requirements of other components of the important luminaire. In recent years, with the promulgation of national energy policies and the announcement of energy conservation and emission reduction requirements, the energy efficiency of commonly used lamps has been studied and corresponding energy conservation requirements and standards have been formulated.
China has basically adopted the following principles in the formulation of the above standards: all safety standards related to personal and property safety are equivalent to the use of international standards, such as IEC, performance requirements for photometric standards and individual commonly used lamps, and technical requirements for other components of important lamps. Standards (with CIE-International Commission on Illumination and IESNA-North American Lighting Society) and domestic specific conditions to develop standards that suit national conditions. As for the energy efficiency requirements and evaluation of energy-saving requirements of commonly used lamps, the domestic and foreign standards are also used to formulate standards suitable for China's situation [2].
Second, in the formulation of the above standards, some basic views and mastery of the principle of lighting is an industry closely related to human activities and social development. Standardizing its quality level is an important matter involving the national economy and the people's livelihood. Therefore, it has always been implemented in the past standards development process. The following principles:
1. The principle of two separations of light source illumination and luminaire use. The light used for illumination in any occasion is emitted by the light source, not the luminaire. The luminaire is only a device provided to make the light spread better and safer and more convenient to use. Therefore, the standard of the luminaire only specifies how to use the content of the light source, and does not involve the requirements of the light source itself, such as illuminating and construction.
2. The principle of luminaire naming and light source separation The luminaire uses the light emitted by the light source, and the light is for the lighting service. Therefore, the name of the luminaire and the standard naming direction are independent of the light source, that is to say, the incandescent lamp illuminating device and Standards such as metal halide lamps.
3. The naming of luminaire standards is for the principle of lighting service. The light emitted by the light source is used to illuminate the service. It must pass through the luminaire. The various light sources working directly on the site also appear in the form of lamps. We call the lamps instead of the light sources. It is only when you need to make it clear that you add a supplement to what light source to use, so the naming of the luminaire directly reflects its service capabilities, objects and places.
4. The principle of separation of safety and performance is that electrical appliances are electrical products. Safety of electricity is of paramount importance. Moreover, internationally, safety requirements are also seen as uniforms, and many international, regional or national basic standards have emerged and implemented. Such as IEC, CIE [3], and standards in Europe, Korea and Taiwan. As for the performance standards of lamps, most of them are regulated or formulated according to their own characteristics and requirements, and there is no mandatory uniformity. Therefore, the content sometimes varies greatly.
5. Emphasize the principle of using light sources in the standard of lamps. Many light sources have different performances under different working conditions, some become brighter, some become darker, some will shorten the life, and so on. The key issue is that the performance of the light source is related to the ambient temperature. In order to use the light source, it is extremely important to specify the environment provided by the luminaire.
Third, LED development and application to lighting, the use of LED as a light source in some cases (a) some of the performance of LED and people's speculation (1) LED and traditional light source different places a heat source; a kind of 2 A light source that emits light in a direction; a light source that is substantially inseparable from a light source and a light fixture.
(2) LED's performance in energy conservation and environmental protection makes people pay more attention to the mentality and expectation from the use of LED function, use LED and traditional light have different content.
(3) There are still many unsatisfactory places for LEDs that have not yet understood deep and transparent, resulting in many unknown worlds. It is speculated that (2) some characteristics of LED-based lamps, whether they are traditional light source lamps or LED lamps, have the same function, providing safe and comfortable functional lighting or decorative lighting for various places. The task of luminaire design is to start from the light source, through the optical system, electrical accessories, heat dissipation measures and mechanical components and structures, to form a environment that is both environmentally adaptable and has good lighting performance, while still harmoniously exists in an environment. Lighting fixtures in the middle.
LEDs have different characteristics than traditional light sources, and LED lamps also exhibit different aspects from conventional lamps.
1. The optical system of the optical system is the soul of the luminaire. The purpose is to design a luminaire optical system that meets the lighting requirements according to the characteristics of the selected light source. Usually the optical system of the luminaire consists of a light source, a lamp holder, a reflector and a transmissive cover.
Compared with the optical system of the traditional light source luminaire, the LED luminaire optical system has the following characteristics:
(1) The optical system generally consists of an LED chip and a lens composed of an LED unit or an array of LED units. The array is sometimes arranged on a flat aluminum substrate, or on a raised or recessed molded substrate, and the lamps are used or not used. Photomask.
Since the LED unit has a luminous characteristic of 2 luminescence, the luminosity system of the luminaire is quite different from the conventional illuminating lamp.
According to the lighting demand, the manufacturer combines multiple LED units or dozens of LED units on the substrate, and this combination is completed by the luminaire manufacturer, so it is necessary to control the consistency of the color of the combined LED units, and evaluate the LED lamps. Color space uniformity.
(2) Since the photoelectric characteristics of the LED are very sensitive to the change of the PN junction temperature; the encapsulating resin will rapidly deteriorate under high temperature and strong light irradiation; the long-term optical radiation will gradually reduce the photoconversion rate of the phosphor and lead to the color seat. The target offset.
When giving the LED lamp life evaluation method, the influence of temperature should be considered, and the lumen maintenance rate of the LED lamp should be evaluated under the condition of limiting the color shift.
2. Electrical accessories LED drive power is the key element that constitutes the performance of LED lamps, and is also one of the lighting selection or design requirements.
LED is 2V3V low voltage constant current source drive, so unlike ordinary incandescent bulbs can be directly connected to 220V AC mains, it is necessary to design complex conversion circuit to drive LED.
The electrical design of LED luminaires should consider the characteristics and quantity of LEDs used in the luminaire, the location where the luminaires are installed, and the location of the luminaires in the grid to consider electrical safety, constant current drive, immunity and EMI, and select or design a suitable LED drive power supply.
The optional parameters of the LED driver include temperature measurement point and temperature, driving mode (constant voltage type, constant current type, or constant voltage constant current mixing type) related to the operating temperature of the internal components, power factor, output current and output voltage. Stability, single power load or power range load, energy efficiency rating. In the case of a stand-alone installation, the suitability of the enclosure's degree of protection, type of protection against electric shock, surge and lightning protection is also an important parameter.
In addition to the drive power itself, its electrical connection to the LED module is also an important part of the electrical system of the LED luminaire. The safety of these electrical connections should be fully considered, including the use of standard connectors, adequate insulation, and protection against electric shock. In particular, due to the possibility of multiple connections, it is ensured that the installation and maintenance are correct and reliable in the future, and the connection components should be identified, such as the power polarity mark.
3. Heat-dissipation measures Like traditional light source lamps, LED lamps are also heated. The heat of LED lamps comes from the loss of LED photoelectric conversion and LED driving power.
According to the principle of illumination, the traditional electric light source is divided into two types: the heat radiation source of a typical incandescent lamp and the gas discharge light source such as a fluorescent lamp. The former is a light source made by the principle of radiation when the object is heated, and the latter is double in high temperature and electric field. Under the action, direct excitation forms molecular luminescence, and both of the luminescence processes require heat, and at the same time, the generated heat radiates with the emitted light to the surroundings.
The principle of LED illumination is that under the action of external electric energy, the radiation of the PN junction electrons and holes in the chip recombines with electroluminescence. Due to the conversion efficiency problem, only about 30% of the input electric energy is converted into light energy, and the remaining 70%. The energy is mainly converted into thermal energy in the form of lattice vibrations that occur in non-radiative recombination. It should be noted that the heat generated during the LED illumination process is not required for the LED to reach the nominal operating state. Conversely, the LED luminance output is temperature-dependent.
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