In April 2012, the state promulgated the “Energy-saving and new-energy automotive industry development plan (2011--2020)â€, which mentioned that “To reduce the fuel consumption of automobiles rapidly, we should vigorously promote and popularize non-plug-in hybrid vehicles. , energy-saving diesel locomotives, but the planning has been introduced for nearly a year, and the related supporting policies have been delayed for a long time. "Promotion and popularization" has become a piece of paper, which has delayed the development of the hybrid vehicle industry. In view of this, Zhong Faping, chairman of Hunan Keliyuan High-tech Holdings Co., Ltd. and chairman of Hunan Keliyuan New Energy Co., Ltd., proposed during the two sessions the “proposal for subsidizing mixed mixed- use key components and national enterprisesâ€, pointing out that Rapidly introduce supporting policies and vigorously support the development of the hybrid automobile industry.
“Energy Conservation and New Energy Vehicle Industry Planning†(2012--2020), which gives a scientific definition of energy-saving and new energy vehicles, clarifies the development ideas, measures and goals of China's energy-saving and new energy automotive industry, and proposes Reduce the fuel consumption of automobiles as the goal, and vigorously promote and popularize non-plug-in hybrid vehicles and energy-saving diesel locomotives. The development path and strategic orientation are in line with the scientific development concept and market laws. However, nearly one year after the introduction of the plan, the related supporting policies have not been able to follow up. The “promotion and popularization†cannot be completed, which has delayed the development of the hybrid vehicle industry.
First, hybrid power has already possessed the industrialization basis, but the degree of marketization is not high and there is a lack of policy traction.
In the development of new energy vehicles, hybrid vehicles are the most industrialized new energy vehicles. This is the most realistic and effective way to solve China's energy difficulties. "Planning" also believes that: energy-efficient cars already have the basis of industrialization. While China's pure electric vehicles are truly mature, it will take a long time and time. The development of hybrid power provides sufficient technology and experience for pure electric vehicles.
However, from the current situation, the degree of marketization of hybrid vehicles is not high. According to statistics from the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers, China produced approximately 8,000 energy-saving and new energy vehicles in 2011, of which more than 5,600 were pure power and more than 2,700 were hybrid vehicles. The production and sales of pure electric vehicles is twice that of hybrid cars. Why is this happening? The government’s strong subsidies are the main reason. Although the government’s “ten thousand cities†project policy is tilted toward pure electric power, the support for hybrid power is very weak. The direct result of this is that it has the basis of industrialization. Hybrid vehicles have a relatively low degree of marketization. In the absence of policy support, talk about promotion and popularization!
Although the policy strongly leans towards pure electric vehicles, the market prospects for pure electric vehicles are also not good. In August 2012, at the “Energy Conservation and New Energy Vehicle Demonstration and Promotion Supply and Demand Fair†held in Hangzhou, the demand for new energy vehicles in 25 model cities exceeded 4,490, which was only 1% of the 500,000 targets in the “Planâ€. It can be seen that the current technical conditions of pure electric vehicles can not be compared with the traditional fuel vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles dominated by hybrid power is the current choice of reality, but also China's only way to develop new energy vehicles.
"Planning" also proposed that it is necessary to adopt measures such as standard constraints, fiscal and taxation support, etc. to popularize energy-saving vehicles. However, as of today, no specific policies have been introduced, and the entire hybrid automobile industry lacks policy traction. Therefore, we call for the country to comply with the laws of the market, comply with consumer demand, conform to the maturity and reality of technological development, and quickly introduce relevant supporting policies to support hybrid development.
Second, as soon as possible after the introduction of supporting policies to establish the boot period to support the development of hybrid vehicles
On the one hand, for a long time in the future, oil will still be the main energy source for automobiles. Hybrid vehicles do not change traditional driving habits and do not require new infrastructure (except plug-in type), and are more easily accepted by consumers. The development of hybrid vehicles is currently the best choice; on the other hand, as the basic technology for the development of new energy vehicles, hybrid vehicle technology has been surrounded by patents filed by the car companies in the developed countries, plus the technology of the automotive industry in China. The backward geared technology, automotive electronic control technology and other aspects lag behind the developed countries, which has brought great difficulties to China's further innovation and development in hybrid technology. Therefore, it is an urgent task for China to develop new energy vehicles by making greater efforts to support and guide the research, innovation, application, and accumulation of hybrid power technologies by major domestic vehicle manufacturers.
After the national "Energy-saving and new-energy automotive industry development plan" was published, the new energy automobile industry technology innovation project has been introduced, which is a boon to the development of China's new energy vehicles, but the "promotion and popularization of energy-saving vehicles" proposed in the "planning" has become The boots in the air have not yet landed. Moreover, there is neither a clear goal or task, nor an operational path, and the promotion and popularization has become a piece of paper!
Although the "Planning" put forward more stringent fuel consumption targets, forcing companies to popularize hybrid power, but the popularity of hybrid vehicles, relying solely on fuel consumption standards to "push" is not enough. The development of hybrid vehicles, especially the core key technologies, must be based on foreign patents to make innovative research and application. The strength of the enterprise alone is not enough, and it must be driven by national policies! Only in this way can we really allow companies to do research and application of hybrid technologies, implement the universal hybrid vehicles mentioned in the "Plan", lay a solid foundation for the development of new energy vehicles, and realize our goal of becoming a powerful automobile country.
The state must establish a guiding period for the development of hybrid vehicles as soon as possible, implement the technological innovation project of the energy-saving automobile industry as soon as possible, and issue follow-up supporting policies so as not to delay the development of popularization of energy-saving vehicles and lay a solid foundation for the development of new energy vehicles. At the same time, relevant tax incentives and investment support policies will be issued, and good incentives for the private purchase of hybrid vehicles (including licensing, etc.) will be created. Such a policy environment will greatly increase the enthusiasm of auto companies in researching and developing hybrid vehicles. It will also give the people a good policy orientation and lay the foundation for the development of energy-saving and new energy vehicles.
Third, vigorously support the national key enterprises of hybrid key components
As we all know, the key technologies for new energy vehicles are batteries, motors, and electronic controls. China's subsidy for hybrid vehicles is not high, and to a large extent it is based on concerns about battery technology. However, after years of research and development, our country’s automotive and battery national enterprises have been able to grasp the core technologies of light-to-medium hybrid vehicles and have the ability to industrialize, and at the same time have broken through the key technologies of heavy hybrid power. In order to quickly bring mature technologies to market, it is more necessary for national policies to guide and support key component manufacturers.
"Planning" has already proposed: Supporting enterprises to develop common hybrid vehicle technology research and development. Some ethnic enterprises have learned the development experience of other countries so that they have the technical support ability to lead the development of the industry. In 2011, Hunan Keliyuan acquired the Shonan plant of Japan’s Panasonic’s electric vehicle battery company, which was a successful attempt. The ethnic enterprises do not depend on the government. The government should introduce incentives and supportive policies to support the progress and development of the hybrid enterprises in the area of ​​hybrid power. Financial support should be given to the production of hybrid key components. Don't worry that policy subsidies will be used by foreign products. Carve up."
It can slow down the reaction, maintain chemical balance, reduce surface tension, prevent light, thermal decomposition or oxidative decomposition. it mainly includes lead salts, metal soaps, organic tin, organic antimony, organic rare earths, pure organic compounds. Thermal stabilizers commonly used in industry mainly include lead salts, metal soaps, organic tin, organic antimony, organic rare earths, pure organic compounds, etc.
1.1 Organotin
(1) Excellent transparency The biggest advantage of organotin stabilizers is that they have excellent transparency. The use of organotin stabilizers in PVC formulations can produce crystalline products. Because of this, organic tin can be used in bottles, containers, corrugated boards, various types of rigid packaging containers, hoses, profiles, films, etc.
(2) Extraordinary thermal stability In terms of thermal stability, there is no other type of thermal stabilizer that can surpass it. Therefore, it is the preferred stabilizer for rigid PVC, and some varieties have better performance in soft products. Suitable for all PVC homopolymers, such as emulsion, suspension and bulk PVC, as well as vinyl chloride copolymers, graft polymers and polymer blends.
(3) The product is non-toxic. Most organotin stabilizers are non-toxic, and the migration of organotin stabilizers in rigid PVC is minimal. Therefore, organotin stabilizers are the preferred heat stabilizers for PVC for food contact.
(4) Good compatibility. Organotin stabilizers have good compatibility with PVC, so there is generally no precipitation on the metal surface, such as lead salt stabilizers and metal soap stabilizer systems.
(5) Poor lubricity Sulfur-containing tin stabilizers have poor self-lubricity. Therefore, many commercially available sulfur-containing organotins are equipped with lubricants to prevent hot melt from adhering to processing equipment during processing.
(6) High cost Compared with other types of stabilizers, the overall performance of organotin stabilizers is closer to the ideal stabilizer. However, all organotin stabilizers, regardless of their structure, have the main disadvantage that their manufacturing cost is much higher than that of lead stabilizers or metal soap compounds. In recent years, by adopting new synthetic technology, or reducing its usage in formulas, its formula cost has been reduced. In the 1970s, foreign countries developed low-priced tin products, which reduced the tin content, which also reduced the price to a certain extent.
1.2 Lead salt
(1) l Excellent stability experiments proved that among the commonly used basic lead salts, the heat resistance of sulfite is better than that of sulfate, and the heat resistance of sulfate is better than that of phosphite. The tribasic lead sulfate, which is widely used in the PVC industry, has a higher effective lead content and shows better thermal stability than other products.
(2) Excellent insulation. Because lead salt is non-ionic and non-conductive, it is inert, which makes lead salt stabilizers widely used in wire and cable industries.
(3) Excellent weather resistance. Many salt compounds can act as white pigments and can show strong covering power, so they have strong weather resistance.
(4) Poor transparency Transparency is a problem related to weather resistance. When used in wires, cables and record materials, there is no need to care about transparency, because most of these products are white or very dark black.
(5) Inexpensive lead salt stabilizer is the lowest price among all stabilizers. Therefore, despite the continuous introduction of new stabilizers, lead salt stabilizers still dominate the stabilizer market after half a century. The composite lead salt introduced to solve the dust and dispersion problem has increased in price, but still maintains a competitive advantage with other types of stabilizers.
(6) The toxicity of the toxic lead salt stabilizer limits its application in many occasions with strict hygiene requirements. For example, many countries have revised the lead content standards in drinking water, and it is no longer possible to use lead salt in PVC water pipes.
(7) Poor dispersibility The dispersibility of salt lead is poor, but the newly launched one-package product is equipped with lubricants, which solves the dispersibility problem to a certain extent. Because of the above characteristics of lead salt stabilizers, they are especially suitable for high-temperature processing. They are widely used in various opaque hard and soft products and cable materials, such as various pipes, plates, indoor and outdoor profiles, foam plastics, artificial leather, and wires. Cables, records, welding rods, etc. The most important lead salt stabilizers are tribasic lead sulfate, dibasic lead phosphite, and dibasic lead stearate.
1.3 Organic antimony
(1) Better stability. The organic antimony stabilizer has basically the same color stability and lower melt viscosity as organotin at the same temperature. In the twin-screw extrusion process, the effect is particularly outstanding when used in combination with calcium stearate. .
(2) The price of organic antimony stabilizer is much lower than that of methyl tin or butyl tin. In addition, the amount of organic antimony used is relatively low, so the use of organic antimony can achieve a better performance/price balance.
(3) The product is non-toxic. In the United States, when a twin-screw extruder is used to manufacture PVC pipes, the PVC water supply pipe manufactured with a formula composed of antimony stabilizers, calcium stearate and other lubricants conforms to the U.S. NSF (National Sanitation Foundation) )Regulation.
(4) Poor transparency and light stability. The transparency of organic antimony compounds is not as good as organotin stabilizers, and it is also lower than the barium/fu and calcium/zinc metal soap system. It is close to lead salts and has poor light stability, so antimony is stable. The agent is mostly used for indoor products without color requirements. The antimony stabilizer itself is also required to be stored in an opaque container.
(5) Poor lubricity. Antimony stabilizers have poor lubricity. Therefore, its use must be combined with a large amount of lubricant without exception.
1.4 Metal soap
(1) The tin soap stabilizer Fu soap is the best type of metal soap. Its advantages are also reflected in the absence of initial coloring, and can produce colorless and transparent products; excellent light stability; it has the effect of preventing precipitation and adhesion. . However, because tin salt is toxic, there are strict regulations on its manufacture and use in the Labor Safety and Health Law. In recent years, the use of Fuzao has shown a downward trend.
(2) Zinc soap stabilizerThe thermal stability of zinc-based stabilizer to PVC is extremely poor. The sample with zinc soap suddenly turns black when heated, that is, the so-called "Zine burning" phenomenon occurs, but it has the following advantages: The initial coloring is excellent; the effect of preventing fouling is good; it can improve the weather resistance; many zinc soaps are recognized as non-toxic stabilizers, so they can be used in non-toxic formulations with calcium soaps.
(3) Barium soap stabilizer Barium compounds have good thermal stability and good lubricity, but the red initial coloration occurs during processing, and it is easy to cause sticking to the roller.
(4) The stability of calcium soap stabilizer is poor, but it is recognized as a non-toxic additive in the world and has excellent lubricity.
(5) Other metal soap stabilizers used in the industry include magnesium stearate, file stearate, aluminum stearate, potassium stearate, etc., among which magnesium stearate is similar to calcium stearate and can be used Materials that are in contact with food; aluminum stearate is similar to zinc stearate, and is approved by the U.S. FDA and the Japanese Vinyl Chloride Food Hygiene Association for food packaging; Stearic Acid files and potassium stearate are also non-toxic products and belong to lead salts , Tin soap and barium soap substitute.
(6) The performance requirements of the composite metal soap stabilizer processing industry for stabilizers are various, and a single metal soap often cannot meet the use requirements, so the use of composite stabilizers has become a trend. A single metal soap compound is rarely used in the PVC industry, and it is usually a compound of several metal soaps. This compound is not a simple addition of properties, but takes advantage of the synergy between the components. The composite metal soap stabilizer generally includes the stabilizer main body (i.e. metal soap), solvent (organic solvent, plasticizer, liquid non-metal stabilizer, etc.), functional additives (auxiliary stabilizer, transparency modifier, light stabilizer, Lubricants, etc.). According to the form, it is divided into solid compound and liquid compound. According to the main component, it can be divided into calcium/zinc compound stabilizer, barium/fu compound stabilizer, barium/zinc compound stabilizer, etc. Among them, the calcium/zinc composite stabilizer has a pivotal role in replacing toxic metals because it is non-toxic.
1.5 Rare earth stabilizer
(1) Excellent thermal stability The thermal stability of rare earth stabilizers is better than traditional lead salt series and barium/zinc, barium/ho/zinc stabilizers. In some applications, rare earth stabilizers can partially or completely replace organotin.
(2) Good transparency. The refractive index of rare earth stabilizers is very close to that of PVC Resin, which can replace traditional organotin and be used in the field of products with higher transparency requirements.
(3) Excellent weather resistance. Rare earth elements can absorb 230-320nm ultraviolet light. Therefore, rare earth stabilizers have anti-photoaging effects and are suitable for outdoor products such as PVC corrugated boards and window materials.
(4) Excellent electrical insulation properties. Some rare earth multifunctional stabilizers can be used to replace lead salt stabilizers in cable material formulations, and their electrical insulation properties are comparable to lead salts.
(5) Non-toxic, safe and hygienic. Rare earth elements are low-toxic elements and have no toxic hazards to the human body in their production, processing, transportation and storage. Rare earth stabilizers are non-toxic products and can be used in food packaging and medical packaging products.
(6) The processing performance is slightly worse. In the case of a large amount of rare earth stabilizer, the roll release of the material is not ideal, and there is a tendency to press out. Generally, better results can be achieved by using stearic acid or calcium stearate in combination.
In summary, rare earth stabilizers can be used for water pipes, injection pipe fittings, window frame profiles, door panels, wire ducts, foam products, artificial leather, cable materials, soft and hard transparent products, food packaging materials, etc.
1.6 Auxiliary stabilizers Auxiliary stabilizers include phosphite, epoxy soybean oil, hindered phenols, etc., which mainly rely on the synergistic effect between metal stabilizers to improve the stabilizing effect, and are generally called co-stabilizers. In addition to compounds such as mesaminocrotonic acid ester, 2-phenyl saccharin, vein derivatives, and diketone can be used in combination with metal stabilizers to improve the effect of metal stabilizers, they also have a certain stabilizing effect. Such compounds are usually called pure organic stabilizers. With the development of PVC stabilizers today, the progress of metal stabilizers is relatively slow, and the research and development of auxiliary stabilizers are unprecedentedly active, which has constituted a major trend in the field of PvC stabilizers. Auxiliary stabilizers are rarely used alone, and are often used in conjunction with primary stabilizers to improve initial coloration or improve long-term stability.
Lead Salt Stabilizer, Compound Stabilizer,Pvc Stabilizer,Titanium Dioxide Anatase
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